Router Installation and Configuration Manual/Helpful Tools
From ImageStream Router Documentation
- This chapter presents some helpful tools for use in configuring and troubleshooting your ImageStream Router.
Contents |
Netmask Conversion Table
| Bitmask (Bits) | Dotted Decimal Netmask | Hexadecimal Netmask | Binary Netmask |
|---|---|---|---|
| /0 | 0.0.0.0 | 0x00000000 | 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /1 | 128.0.0.0 | 0x80000000 | 10000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /2 | 192.0.0.0 | 0xc0000000 | 11000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /3 | 224.0.0.0 | 0xe0000000 | 11100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /4 | 240.0.0.0 | 0xf0000000 | 11110000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /5 | 248.0.0.0 | 0xf8000000 | 11111000 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /6 | 252.0.0.0 | 0xfc000000 | 11111100 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /7 | 254.0.0.0 | 0xfe000000 | 11111110 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /8 | 255.0.0.0 | 0xff000000 | 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /9 | 255.128.0.0 | 0xff800000 | 11111111 10000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /10 | 255.192.0.0 | 0xffc00000 | 11111111 11000000 00000000 00000000 |
| /11 | 255.224.0.0 | 0xffe00000 | 11111111 11100000 00000000 00000000 |
| /12 | 255.240.0.0 | 0xfff00000 | 11111111 11110000 00000000 00000000 |
| /13 | 255.248.0.0 | 0xfff80000 | 11111111 11111000 00000000 00000000 |
| /14 | 255.252.0.0 | 0xfffc0000 | 11111111 11111100 00000000 00000000 |
| /15 | 255.254.0.0 | 0xfffe0000 | 11111111 11111110 00000000 00000000 |
| /16 | 255.255.0.0 | 0xffff0000 | 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 |
| /17 | 255.255.128.0 | 0xffff8000 | 11111111 11111111 10000000 00000000 |
| /18 | 255.255.192.0 | 0xffffc000 | 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000 |
| /19 | 255.255.224.0 | 0xffffe000 | 11111111 11111111 11100000 00000000 |
| /20 | 255.255.240.0 | 0xfffff000 | 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000 |
| /21 | 255.255.248.0 | 0xfffff800 | 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000 |
| /22 | 255.255.252.0 | 0xfffffc00 | 11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000 |
| /23 | 255.255.254.0 | 0xfffffe00 | 11111111 11111111 11111110 00000000 |
| /24 | 255.255.255.0 | 0xffffff00 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 |
| /25 | 255.255.255.128 | 0xffffff80 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 10000000 |
| /26 | 255.255.255.192 | 0xffffffc0 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000 |
| /27 | 255.255.255.224 | 0xffffffe0 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000 |
| /28 | 255.255.255.240 | 0xfffffff0 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11110000 |
| /29 | 255.255.255.248 | 0xfffffff8 | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 |
| /30 | 255.255.255.252 | 0xfffffffc | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111100 |
| /31 | 255.255.255.254 | 0xfffffffe | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111110 |
| /32 | 255.255.255.255 | 0xffffffff | 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111111 |
RJ48 Loopback Plug for testing DDS, T1 and E1 CSU/DSU's
- The Crossover(Loopback) cable is a RJ48C cable, optionally supplied. The crossover cable is used to connect two CSU/DSU's together.
- Figure C-1, RJ48 Loop Back Plugs
- The RJ48 Loop back plug on the left is for use with DDS(56Kbps) Circuits the one on the right is to be used with T1/Fractional T1 Circuits and E1/Fractional E1 Circuits only. Failure to use the right plug on your particular equipment may result in damage to the device(s).
T1 Line Basics
What Is A T1 Line?
- A T1 line is a digital transmission line capable of 1.544 Million bits per second (Mbps).
- T1 lines normally carry 24 voice or data channels. Each channel has a sample rate of 8kHz with a resolution of 8 bits of data per sample. Every 192 bits of the transmission a framing bit is added.
- 24 Voice/Data Channels
- 8 kHz Sample Rate
- 8 Bits per Sample
- 1 Framing Bit per 192 Data bits
- 24 Channels x 8 Data Bits + 1 Framing Bit = 193 Bits per Frame
- 193 Bits per Frame x 8,000 Frames per Second = 1,544,000 Total Bits per Second
How Can A T1 Be Used?
- T1s can be used to connect two distant PBX's together to form a single functioning PBX's. T1s are also used to form a bridge between two Local Area Networks (LAN's). In this way one single Wide Area Network (WAN) is formed. A single T1 line can be used for both PBX's and digital data at the same time by dedicating channels to each task. Other variations of service include fractional T1. Fractional T1 is a reduced number of channels leased from the service provider. The transmission rates vary from 56Kbps to 1.544Mbps.
What is a CSU/DSU?
- A Channel Service Unit (CSU)/Data Service Unit (DSU) is a device used to terminate a digital service such as a T1 or E1. The CSU/DSU maintains records on different types of line errors and provides functions for line conditioning, line equalization, and loopback modes. These functions can be accessed from the main office of the service provider to maintain line quality.
What Needs to be Configured for a CSU to Work?
- The T1 service provider will inform the customer what settings should be set for their specific service. The service provider will specify the line build out (LBO= 0, -7.5, -15 dB), framing type (D4 or ESF), network line code (B8ZS or AMI), pulse density enforcing (AMI only), and the signaling mode (ATT54016 or ANSI T1.403) used to configure the CSU. For a fractional T1, the service provider must also specify the active channels (DS0s).
AMI Versus B8ZS Line Coding
- When using AMI (alternate mark inversion) mode with non-inverted data, a problem arises when a series of zeros is sent across the transmission line. These zeros prevent the receiver, who relies on clock edges for sync, from establishing a proper sync. There are two ways to correct this problem.
- 1. AMI Mode with Inverted HDLC Data
- If the network (external CSU, carrier, etc.) can AMI mode with inverted HDLC data, the N2csu can be placed in INVERT HDLC DATA mode. With data inversion enabled, proper ones density will be maintained on the line.
- 2. B8ZS Mode (If Available)
- B8ZS (bipolar with 8-zero substitution) mode was designed to correct for AMI's pulse density problem. B8ZS inserts BPVs at specific points in the data to allow the receiver to maintain sync. At the receiving end, any B8ZS BPV patterns are recognized and the correct data patterns are re-constructed.
